By Brent Jones, Sales and Iowa Research Farm Manager for Grassland Oregon

To get a head start on establishing winter covers, interseeding has started to become a popular practice by producers in the northern region of the Corn Belt. Quite a bit of experimentation has been done over the last few years by farmers and researchers trying to dial in which species work best, when to plant, how to plant and which herbicides to avoid.

Along with early establishment, the benefits of a diverse plant population can be cashed in on by producers throughout the country. If done correctly, and with the right cover crop varieties, interseeding can significantly increase grain yields and reduce synthetic fertilizer requirements while improving soil health.

In a 2015-2016 trial conducted at The Ohio State University (OSU) by researcher Dr Ryan Haden, interseeding cover crops into corn improved grain yield up to 12 bushels per acre compared to a corn monoculture. Radish, annual ryegrass, FIXatioN Balansa Clover and red clover were included in the trial, all contributing to notable grain yield and biomass increases.

A high clearance drill was used to interseed cover crops into corn at the V6 growth stage in three rows spaced 7.5 inches between 30-inch corn rows. The corn was a glyphosate resistant variety planted at a population of 32,000 plants per acre on March 21. Glyphosate was sprayed to control weeds one day prior to interseeding. Grain yields at harvest were measured based on a 15.5 percent moisture content for corn grain. Cover crop biomass (reported on a dry weight basis) was measured in late November prior to the first killing frost, and in mid-April just prior to termination with herbicide.

Interseeded Cover Crops Into Corn Trial Results
Treatment Seed
Rate		 Grain
Yield		 Standard
Deviation		 Cover Crop Biomass
November 2015		 Cover Crop Biomass
April 2016
  lbs/acre bu/acre bu/acre lbs/acre lbs/acre
Control - Corn Only None 133 a 19.9 0 a 0 a
Corn x Radish 10 143 a 19.3 651 b

0 a
Corn x Annual. Ryegrass 20 141. a 15.6 535 b 241 b
Corn x Red Clover 10 133 a 21 642 b 357 b
Corn x FIXatioN Balansa Clover 10 145 a 27.2 580 b 294 b

*Treatment yields followed by the same letter are not significantly different at a P level of 0.05. Trial was conducted by Dr. Ryan Haden of The Ohio State University.

Putting it into practice

Fields without a lot of weed issues are best for interseeding cover crops to avoid problems caused by herbicide residuals. After a spring burndown with glyphosate and 2,4-D, residuals will have to be avoided in order to get the cover crop established. If weeds will be a problem without a residual, then the chance of success is low.

Interseeding Rates
Species Rate
(lbs/acre)
Annual Ryegrass 12
Small Grains 20-25
Medium Red Clover 5
Berseem Clover 5
Balansa Clover 2
Radish 2-3
Turnips 2-3

 

The earlier a cover crop can be drilled, the better chance it has for a successful establishment before the corn canopy begins to limit sunlight and moisture access. While the OSU trial interseeded into corn at the V6 stage, many have success when planting at the V3-V5 stage or even at the same time the corn is seeded. Seeding should be done with a drill between the corn rows for best establishment. Broadcasting can work, but you’re depending on rain to get the seed worked into the soil. Depending on the species, seed rates may need to be set back by as much as 50 percent. (See chart)

Don’t gamble with VNS – varieties matter

Depending on your soil type, climate and goals, there are multiple species of cover crops that can be successfully established into standing corn. Legumes like red clover, cowpeas, crimson clover, berseem clover and balansa clover can fix atmospheric nitrogen to help feed the corn plants. Flowering plants like buckwheat and phacelia bring in beneficial insects to help keep harmful ones in check. Grasses with deep fibrous roots add carbon to the soil and help with water infiltration and retention.  

However, because plants will go dormant in July and August when the corn canopy is closed, species must grow quickly, possess shade tolerance, and have an extensive root system to sustain themselves until the canopy opens at harvest. It is essential to choose cover crops based on variety traits, rather than buying variety not stated (VNS) seed. Traits like maturity and cold tolerance are important and will allow you to reach your goals.

For example, in the OSU interseeding trial, FIXatioN Balansa Clover contributed to the greatest grain yield increase by an additional 12 bushels per acre and was second in biomass measurements. Because it has been bred specifically to fix significant amounts of nitrogen from the environment into soil, the companion and subsequent crops can cash in on 100’s of pounds of free nitrogen. The variety has also been bred for cold tolerance, surviving in sub-freezing temperatures at minus 20 degrees Fahrenheit with zero snow cover. However, if VNS balansa clover seed was used instead, yield, nitrogen fixation, biomass and persistence could be inconsistent field to field, and may not respond well to the environment.

The power of plant diversity

Perhaps the biggest benefit cover crops can bring to a corn field is soil rejuvenation. Extensive root systems required to survive summer dormancy will loosen compaction while burrowing deep into soil. A diverse mix of plants will also work together to form an underground network of fungal pathways and microorganisms that transfer and share vital plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, manganese and sulphur.

While there are multiple species and multiple ways to interseed cover crops into corn, they all require careful and early planning for successful establishment. What works on one farm may not always work on yours so small-scale experimental trials are the best way to get started. If you have questions about how to incorporate interseeding into your crop system, feel free to give Grassland Oregon a call at 503-566 9900.